Notes

1 Søren Løvtrup , Darwinism: The Refutation of A Myth, New York: Croom Helm, 1987, p. 422
2 Richard Leakey, The Making of Mankind, Londres: Michael Joseph Limited, 1981, p. 43
3 David Pilbeam, American Scientist, vol. 66, Mai-Juin 1978, p. 379
4 Jonathan Wells est titulaire d’un doctorat de l’Université de Yale et d’un autre doctorat en biologie moléculaire et cellulaire de l’Université de Californie, Berkeley. Il poursuit ses recherches sur le darwinisme à Discovery Institute à Seattle.
5 Cela peut paraître étrange pour certains lecteurs de comparer l’évolution à une religion, alors que cela semble plus juste. Toute religion édicte des principes de base auxquelles une personne croit et qui façonne son point de vue sur la vie. En imposant une perspective matérialiste, la théorie de l’évolution ne repose pas sur la science mais sur la foi. Julian Huxley et Pierre Teilhard de Chardin font partie de ceux qui assimilèrent cette théorie à une religion.
6 Benjamin D. Wiker, "Does Science Point to God? Part II: The Christian Critics", The Crisis Magazine, Juillet-Août 2003, http://www.crisismagazine.com/julaug2003/feature1.htm
7 Francis Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2, Charles Darwin à J.D. Hooker, Down [29 mars 1863]
8 "The Crucible of Life", Earth, Février 1998
9 "The Rise of Life on Earth", National Geographic, Mars 1998
10 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, Science or Myth, Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong, Washington, DC, Regnery Publishing, 2000, p. 21
11 Jeremy Rifkin, Algeny: A New World, Istanbul: Ufuk Kitaplari, 2001, p. 133
12 Paul Davies C.W. [célèbre physicien] & Adams Phillip [journaliste], More Big Questions, ABC Books: Sydney, Australie, 1998, pp. 53-54, 47-48, 48
13 Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box; The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, The Free Press, 1996, p. x
14 Ibid., pp. 4-5
15 Gerald L. Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God, The Free Press, New York, 2001, p. 62
16 Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box, p.5
17 W. R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Nashville: Thomas Nelson Co., 1991, p. 325
18 The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, 1993
19 Ibid.
20 Charles Darwin, L'origine des espèces, GF Flammarion, Paris, 1992, p. 334
21 Alan Feduccia, The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 81
22 Niles Eldredge, et Ian Tattersall, The Myths of Human Evolution, Columbia University Press, 1982, pp. 45-46 (soulignement ajouté)
23 C.P. Hickman [Professeur émérite de biologie aux Universités de Washington et de Lee à Lexington], L.S. Roberts [Professeur émérite de biologie à l’Université Tech au Texas], et F.M. Hickman, 1988, Integrated Principles of Zoology, Times Mirror/Moseby College Publishing, St. Louis, MO. 939 p. 866
24 T. S. Kemp, Fossils and Evolution, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 246
25 David Berlinksi, Commentary, Septembre 1996, p. 28
26 Gerald Schroeder, Evolution: Rationality vs. Randomness,
http://www.geraldschroeder.com/evolution.html
27 Stephen J. Gould, "An Asteroid to Die For", Discover, Octobre 1989, p. 65
28 Gregory A. Wray, "The Grand Scheme of Life", Review of The Crucible Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals de Simon Conway Morris, Trends in Genetics, Février 1999, vol. 15, no. 2
29 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, p. 31
30 Niles Eldredge, Ian Tattersall, The Myths of Human Evolution, pp.126-127
31 Richard C. Lewontin, Human Diversity, Scientific American Library: New York NY, 1995, p. 163
32 Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time: Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, New York: The Free Press, 1999, pp. 116-117
33 Bernard Wood, Mark Collard, "The Human Genus", Science, vol. 284, no. 5411, 2 avril 1999, pp. 65-7
34 Pat Shipman, "Doubting Dmanisi", American Scientist, Novembre-Décembre 2000, p. 491
35 Roger Lewin, Bones of Contention, The University of Chicago Press, p. 312
36 John R. Durant, "The Myth of Human Evolution", New Universities Quarterly 35 (1981), pp. 425-438
37 G. A. Clark and C. M. Willermet (eds.), Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research, New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1997, p. 76
38 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, p. 225
39 Paul S. Taylor, Origins Answer Book, Eden Communications, 1995, p. 35
40 John Whitfield, "Oldest member of human family found", Nature, 11 juillet 2002
41 D.L. Parsell, "Skull Fossil From Chad Forces Rethinking of Human Origins", National Geographic News, 10 juillet 2002
42 John Whitfield, "Oldest member of human family found", Nature, 11 juillet 2002
43 "Face of Yesterday: Henry Gee on the dramatic discovery of a seven-million-year-old hominid", The Guardian, 11 juillet 2002
44 Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time, p. 5
45 Ibid., p. 32
46 F. Clark Howell, Thoughts on the Study and Interpretation of the Human Fossil Record, p. 1
47 Tom Abate, San Francisco Chronicle, 19 février 2001
48 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Modern Materialism"
49 Werner Gitt, In the Beginning Was Information, CLV, Bielefeld, Germany, pp. 107-141
50 George C. Williams, The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution, (éd. John Brockman), New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pp. 42-43
51 Phillip Johnson's Weekly Wedge Update, "DNA Demoted", 30 avril 2001, http://www.arn.org/docs/pjweekly/pj_weekly_010430.htm
52 Ibid.
53 Charles Darwin, La filiation de l’homme et la sélection liée au sexe, Editions Syllepse, Paris, p. 91
54 Charles Darwin, "Letter to Asa Gray", 10 septembre 1860, dans Francis Darwin (ed.), The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. II (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1896), p. 131
55 "Haeckel's Fraudulent Charts"; http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/17rec03.html
56 L. Rutimeyer, "Referate", Archiv fur Anthropologie, 1868
57 Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Wrong, New York: Ticknor and Fields 1982, p. 204
58 Elizabeth Pennisi, "Haeckel's Embryos: Fraud Rediscovered", Science, 5 septembre 1997 (soulignement ajouté)
59 Ibid. (soulignement ajouté)
60 Ibid.
61 Ken McNamara, "Embryos and Evolution", New Scientist, vol. 12416, 16 octobre 1999 (soulignement ajouté)
62 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, p. 84
63 Ibid., p. 85
64 Ibid., p. 86
65 Charles Darwin, "Letter to Asa Gray", 10 septembre 1860, dans Francis Darwin (ed.), The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. II, p. 131
66 Pour une démolition de la thèse de The Blind Watchmaker de Dawkins voir Lee Spetner, Not By Chance: Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution, Judaica Press, 1997; Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, The Free Press, 1996; Phillip E. Johnson, Darwin on Trial, 2ème éd., InterVarsity Press, 1993
67 Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, Londres: Penguin Books, 1986, pp. 93-94
68 Michael Denton, "The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?", Origins & Design, 19:2, no. 37, 1999
69 Ibid.
70 G.L. Walls, The Vertebrate Eye, New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1963, p. 652
71 Michael Denton, "The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?", Origins & Design, 19:2, no. 37, 1999
72 T.J. McIlwain, An Introduction to the Biology of Vision, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 14
73 Michael Denton, "The Inverted Retina: Maladaptation or Pre-adaptation?", Origins & Design, 19:2, no. 37, 1999
74 Charles Darwin, L'origine des espèces, GF Flammarion, Paris, 1992, p. 531
75 www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/6562/evolution/designgonebad.html
76 S. R. Scadding, "Do 'Vestigial Organs' Provide Evidence for Evolution?", Evolutionary Theory, vol. 5, Mai 1981, p. 173
77 Paul A. Nelson, "Jettison the Arguments, or the Rule? The Place of Darwinian Theological Themata in Evolutionary Reasoning", Access Research Network, 1988, http://www.arn.org/docs/nelson/pn_jettison.html
78 George Schaller, H. Jinchu, P. Wenshi, and Z. Jing, The Giant Pandas of Wolong (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 4; 58. (soulignement ajouté)
79 "Role of the giant panda's 'pseudo-thumb", Nature, vol. 397, 28 janvier 1999, pp. 309-310
80 Ibid.
81 Gretchen Vogel, "Objection #2: Why Sequence the Junk?", Science, 16 février 2001
82 Wojciech Makalowski, "Not Junk After All", Science, vol. 300, no. 5623, 23 mai 2003
83 http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od182/ls182.htm#anchor569108
84 "Does nonsense DNA speak its own dialect?", Science News, vol. 164, 24 décembre 1994
85 Hubert Renauld et Susan M. Gasser, "Heterochromatin: a meiotic matchmaker", Trends in Cell Biology, 7 mai 1997, pp. 201-205
86 Emile Zuckerkandl, "Neutral and Nonneutral Mutations: The Creative Mix-Evolution of Complexity in Gene Interaction Systems", Journal of Molecular Evolution, 44, 1997, p. 53 (soulignement ajoutée)
87 Hubert Renauld and Susan M. Gasser, "Heterochromatin: a meiotic matchmaker", Trends in Cell Biology 7 mai 1997, pp. 201-205
88 Les évolutionnistes ont recours à la thèse de l’ADN égoïste pour expliquer l’émergence censément évolutionniste de l’ADN non-codant. Cette thèse défend l’idée illusoire qu’il existe une sorte de concurrence entre les composants de l’ADN ayant perdu leur fonction. Comme le montre ce livre, elle fut infirmée par l’étude sur les cryptophytes.
89 M.J. Beaton et T. Cavalier-Smith, 1999, "Eukaryotic non-coding DNA is functional: evidence from the differential scaling of cryptomonal genomes", Proc. Royal Soc. Londres, B. 266: pp. 2053-2059
90 L.L. Sandell, V.A. Zakian, 1994, "Loss of a yeast telomere: arrest, recovery, and chromosome loss", Cell 75: pp. 729-739
91 S. J. Ting 1995, "A binary model of repetitive DNA sequence in Caenorhabditis elegans", DNA Cell Biology, 14: pp. 83-85
92 E. R. Vandendries, D. Johnson, R. Reinke, 1996, "Orthodenticle is required for photoreceptor cell development in the Drosophila eye", Developmental Biology 173: pp. 243-255
93 B.L. Keplinger, A.L. Rabetoy, D.R. Cavener, 1996, "A somatic reproductive organ enhancer complex activates expression in both the developing and the mature Drosophila reproductive tract", Developmental Biology 180: pp. 311-323
94 J. Kohler, S. Schafer-Preuss, D. Buttgereit, 1996, "Related enhancers in the intron of the beta1 tubulin gene of Drosophila melanogaster are essential for maternal and CNS-specific expression during embryogenesis", Nucleic Acids Research 24: pp. 2543-2550
95 R. Nowak, "Mining Treasures from 'junk DNA'", Science 263 (1994): p. 608
96 "DNA; Junk or Not", The New York Times, 4 mars 2003
97 Gretchen Vogel, "Objection #2: Why Sequence the Junk?", Science, 16 février 2001
98 S. HirotSune, N. Yoshida, A. Chen, L. Garrett, F. Sugiyama, S. Takahashi, K. Yagami, A. Wynshaw-Boris, et Yoshiki, "An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene", Nature 423: pp. 91-96
99 J. T. Lee, 2003, "Molecular biology: Complicity of gene and pseudogene", [News and Views], Nature 423: pp. 26-28
100 "The Birth of an Alternatively Spliced Exon: 3' Splice-Site Selection in Alu Exons", Galit Lev-Maor, Science, vol. 300, no. 5623, 23 mai 2003, pp. 1288-1291
101 Science, 23 mai 2003
102 George Turner, "How Are New Species Formed?", New Scientist, 14 juin 2003, p. 36
103 Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried, Boston, Gambit INC., 1971, p. 36
104 Ibid., pp. 35-36
105 E. Deevey, "The Reply: Letter from Birnam Wood" dans Yale Review, (1967), vol. 61, p. 636
106 Ernst Mayr, Animal Species and Evolution, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963, pp. 285-286
107 Ibid., p. 290
108 Lane P. Lester, Raymond G. Bohlin, Natural Limits to Biological Change, 2ème éd., Probe Books, 1989, pp. 13-14
109 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, pp. 159-175
110 Lane Lester, Raymond G. Bohlin, Natural Limits to Biological Change, 2ème édition, Probe Books, 1989, pp. 67, 70
111 Pierre-Paul Grassé, Evolution of Living Organisms, New York: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 88-97
112 Ibid., p. 88
113 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, pp. 178, 186
114 Lane Lester, Raymon G. Bohlin, Natural Limits to Biological Change, Probe Books, 1989, pp. 170-171
115 Merle d'Aubigne, "How Is It Possible to Escape the Idea of Some Intelligent and Organizing Force?", dans Margenau et Varghese (eds.), Cosmos, Bios, Theos, p. 158
116 Scott Gilbert, John Opitz, et Rudolf Raff, "Resynthesizing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology", Developmental Biology 173, Article No. 0032, 1996, p. 361
117 Lettre personnelle (écrite le 10 avril 1979) par le Dr Collin Patterson, paléontologue senior au Musée britannique d’histoire naturelle à Londres à l’intention de Luther D. Sunderland ; citée dans Darwin's Enigma de Luther D. Sunderland, San Diego:Master Books, 1984, p. 89
118 T. S. Kemp, Fossils and Evolution, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 19
119 Pierre-Paul Grassé, Evolution of Living Organisms, New York: Academic Press, 1977, p. 103
120 Nicholas Wade, "Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways", The New York Times, 19 août 2003
121 Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time, p. 103
122 O. C. Marsh, "Recent Polydactyle Horses", American Journal of Science 43, 1892, pp. 339-354
123 Gordon Rattray Taylor, The Great Evolution Mystery, New York: Harper & Row, 1983, p. 230
124 Heribert Nilsson, Synthetische Artbildung Lund, Sweden: Vertag CWE Gleenrup, 1954, pp. 551-552
125 Boyce Rensberger, "Ideas on Evolution Going Through a Revolution Among Scientists", Houston Chronicle, 5 novembre 1980, sec. 4, p. 15
126 Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution, 1993, p. 222
127 Garret Hardin, Nature and Man's Fate, New York: Mentor, 1961, pp. 225-226
128 Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe, pp. 16-17, 19, 28-30
129 R.E. Kofahl, Handy Dandy Evolution Refuter, San Diego: Beta Books, 1997, p. 159
130 M.R. Voorhies, "Ancient Ashfall Creates a Pompeii of Prehistoric Animals", National Geographic, vol. 159, no. 1, Janvier 1981, pp. 67-68,74; "Horse Find Defies Evolution", Creation Ex Nihilo 5(3):15, Janvier 1983, http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/3723.asp
131 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, p. 199; Royal Truman, A review of Icons of Evolution, www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/docs/tj_v15n2_icons_review.asp
132 O.C. Marsh, "Recent polydactyl horses", American Journal of Science, 43: 339–354, 1892
133 Bruce J. MacFadden et al., "Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million-year-old horses from Florida", Science 283 (5403): 824–827, 5 février 1999
134 "Horse and horsemanship", Encyclopædia Britannica, 20:646655, 15ème édition 1992
135 Ernst Mayr, What Evolution Is, New York: Basic Books, p. 16
136 D.M. Raup, "Conflicts between Darwin and paleontology", Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 50:22, 1979
137 L.D. Sunderland, Darwin's Enigma, 1988, p.78
138 J. Bergman et G. Howe, 'Vestigial Organs' Are Fully Functional, Kansas City: Creation Research Society Books, 1990, p. 77
139 Pierre-Paul Grasse, Evolution of Living Organisms, pp. 51-52
140 University of Florida, "From the Bone of a Horse, a New Idea for Aircraft Structures", 2 décembre 2002, http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2002news/horsebone.htm
141 Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2002, p. xvii
142 Ibid., p. xviii
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid.
145 Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution, pp. 141-151
146 Jerry Coyne, "Not Black and White", une critique de Melanism: Evolution in Action de Michael Majerus, dans Nature, 396 (1988), pp. 35-36
147 Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men, pp. xix–xx
148 Ibid., p. 304
149 Ibid., p. 301
150 Robert Matthews, "Scientists Pick Holes in Darwin's Moth Theory", The Daily Telegraph, London, 18 mars 1999
151 Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Octobre 2002, vol. 119 (4), pp. 1187-1201
152 Ibid.
153 Ibid.
154 Ibid.
155 Ibid.
156 Ibid.
157 "The bird-Dino link", http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/2099/DinoKabin.html
158 Michael J. Denton, Nature's Destiny, New York: The Free Press, 1998, p. 361
159 David Williamson, "Scientist Says Ostrich Study Confirms Bird 'Hands' Unlike Those of Dinosaurs", EurekAlert, 14 aout 2002, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_
releases/2002-08/uonc-sso081402.php.
160 A. Elzanowski, "A comparison of the jaw skeleton in theropods and birds, with a description of the palate in the Oviraptoridae", Contributions Smithsoniennes à la Paléobiologie, 1999, 89 pp: 311–323
161 Alan Feduccia, "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem", The Auk, Octobre 2002, vol. 119 (4), pp. 1187-1201
162 V. Morell, "A Cold, Hard Look at Dinosaurs", Discover, 1996, 17 (12): pp. 98-108
163 http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Max_Planck
164 Phillip Johnson, "A Step Forward in Ohio", Touchstone, vol. 16, no. 1, Janvier-Février 2003, p. 11; http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/16.1docs/16-1pg11.html